🧠 Your Body's Supercomputer: A Study Guide to the Nervous System ðŸ’ŧ

 (āļ„ู่āļĄืāļ­āđ€āļĢีāļĒāļ™āļĢู้āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—: āļŠุāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ”āļ„āļ­āļĄāļžิāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢ์āđƒāļ™āļĢ่āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„ุāļ“)

Here are your study notes (āļŠāļĢุāļ›āļĒ่āļ­) outlining the human nervous system, its functions, and how to keep it healthy, based on your science lesson plan. Let's get started!

✨ Key Points (āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”็āļ™āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļ)

  • The Nervous System (āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—) is the body's main control and communication network. ✅
  • It has two main parts: The Central Nervous System (CNS) or āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) or āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—āļĢāļ­āļšāļ™āļ­āļ.
  • The brain (āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡) and spinal cord (āđ„āļ‚āļŠัāļ™āļŦāļĨัāļ‡) make up the CNS. 🧠
  • Information travels as nerve impulses (āļāļĢāļ°āđāļŠāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—) through special cells called neurons (āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨ์āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—). ⚡
  • Protecting your nervous system through a healthy lifestyle is super important (āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļĄāļēāļ)! 👍

1.0 The Architecture of the Nervous System (āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—)

The human nervous system is divided into two main parts that work together to control everything you do.

  • 1.1 Central Nervous System (CNS) - āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡
    • This is the main control center (āļĻูāļ™āļĒ์āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„ุāļĄāļŦāļĨัāļ). It includes the brain and spinal cord.
  • 1.2 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—āļĢāļ­āļšāļ™āļ­āļ
    • This system is made of nerves or neurons (āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨ์āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—) that connect the CNS to every other part of the body, creating a full communication network.

Think of it like this: 🧠 (Brain) ↔️ (Spinal Cord) ↔️ 💊 (Body)

2.0 The Command Center: The Brain and Its Functions (āļĻูāļ™āļĒ์āļšัāļāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢ: āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļ™้āļēāļ—ี่āļ•่āļēāļ‡āđ†)

The brain (āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡) is the most complex organ and is the boss of your body. It interprets information and gives commands. The human cerebrum is very big because it controls thinking, memory, and intelligence.


Table 1: Anatomy and Function of the Human Brain (āļāļēāļĒāļ§ิāļ āļēāļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļ™้āļēāļ—ี่āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ™ุāļĐāļĒ์)

Part

English Name

Thai Name (āļŠื่āļ­āļ āļēāļĐāļēāđ„āļ—āļĒ)

Function (āļŦāļ™้āļēāļ—ี่)

1

Cerebrum

āļ‹ีāļĢีāļšāļĢัāļĄ

Controls thought ðŸĪ”, memory ðŸ’Ą, intelligence, and conscious actions like walking ðŸšķ and running 🏃.

2

Thalamus

āļ—āļēāļĨāļēāļĄัāļŠ

Relays information to the brain and regulates sleep ðŸ˜ī, alertness, and awareness.

3

Hypothalamus

āđ„āļŪāđ‚āļ›āļ—āļēāļĨāļēāļĄัāļŠ

Controls body temperature ðŸŒĄ️, heart rate ❤️, blood pressure, sleep, thirst 💧, and hunger 🍔.

4

Pons

āļžāļ­āļ™āļŠ์

Controls breathing ðŸ˜Ū‍ðŸ’Ļ, chewing, salivation, and facial movements 😊.

5

Cerebellum

āļ‹ีāļĢีāđ€āļšāļĨāļĨัāļĄ

Coordinates body movements and maintains balance ðŸĪļ. An injury here can affect balance.

6

Medulla oblongata

āđ€āļĄāļ”ัāļĨāļĨāļēāļ­āļ­āļšāļĨāļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļ•āļē

Controls involuntary actions like digestion, respiration, and heartbeat ❤️.


3.0 The Messengers: Neurons and Information Flow ðŸ“Ļ (āļœู้āļŠ่āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢ: āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨ์āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļŦāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚้āļ­āļĄูāļĨ)

Information is sent through your nervous system by special cells called neurons (āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨ์āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—).


3.1 Structure of a Neuron (āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨ์āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—)

    • A neuron has a cell body and special fibers called axons (āđāļ­āļāļ‹āļ­āļ™) and dendrites (āđ€āļ”āļ™āđ„āļ”āļĢāļ•์) that carry nerve impulses.
    • Dendrites (āđ€āļ”āļ™āđ„āļ”āļĢāļ•์): Receive signals and send them towards the cell body.
    • Axons (āđāļ­āļāļ‹āļ­āļ™): Send signals away from the cell body to other neurons.
  • 3.2 The Pathway of a Nerve Impulse (āđ€āļŠ้āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āđāļŠāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—) This is how it works:

1.                   Stimulus (āļŠิ่āļ‡āđ€āļĢ้āļē): A receptor (āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāļĢัāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢู้āļŠึāļ), like your eyes, detects a stimulus. 👀

2.                   Signal Conversion (āļāļēāļĢāđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļŠัāļāļāļēāļ“): The receptor turns this information into a nerve impulse (āļāļĢāļ°āđāļŠāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—). ⚡

3.                   Transmission to CNS (āļāļēāļĢāļŠ่āļ‡āđ„āļ›āļĒัāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡): The impulse travels through sensory neurons to the brain and spinal cord. Neurons talk to each other across a tiny space called a synapse (āđ„āļ‹āđāļ™āļ›āļŠ์).


4.                   Response (āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļ­āļšāļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‡): The CNS sends a command through motor neurons to an effector (āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāļ›āļิāļšัāļ•ิāļ‡āļēāļ™), like a muscle, which causes a reaction! 💊😄

4.0 Maintaining a Healthy Nervous System (āļāļēāļĢāļ”ูāđāļĨāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—āđƒāļŦ้āđāļ‚็āļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡)

Taking care of your nervous system is vital for your overall health.

  • 4.1 Guidelines for Care (āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ”ูāđāļĨ)
    • ⛑️ Prevent accidents that could damage the brain or spinal cord.
    • 🚭 Avoid addictive substances.
    • 🧘‍♀️ Manage and avoid stress.
    • ðŸĨĶ Eat healthy foods. Foods rich in Vitamin B1 like brown rice (āļ‚้āļēāļ§āļāļĨ้āļ­āļ‡), grains (āļ˜ัāļāļžืāļŠ), and animal entrails (āđ€āļ„āļĢื่āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠัāļ•āļ§์) are great for nourishing the brain!.

📚 Vocabulary Table (āļ•āļēāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āļģāļĻัāļžāļ—์)

English Term (āļ„āļģāļĻัāļžāļ—์)

Thai Translation (āļ„āļģāđāļ›āļĨ)

Meaning & Function (āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļ™้āļēāļ—ี่)

Nervous System

āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—

The body's control network, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, that regulates all body processes.

Neuron

āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨ์āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ— / āļ™ิāļ§āļĢāļ­āļ™

A specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses; the basic unit of the nervous system.

Cerebrum

āļ‹ีāļĢีāļšāļĢัāļĄ

The largest part of the brain, responsible for thinking, memory, and voluntary actions.

Cerebellum

āļ‹ีāļĢีāđ€āļšāļĨāļĨัāļĄ

The part of the brain at the back of the skull that coordinates movement and balance.

Medulla oblongata

āđ€āļĄāļ”ัāļĨāļĨāļēāļ­āļ­āļšāļĨāļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļ•āļē

Part of the brainstem that controls involuntary actions like breathing and heart rate.

Synapse

āđ„āļ‹āđāļ™āļ›āļŠ์

The tiny gap between two neurons where chemical signals are sent to communicate.

Stimulus

āļŠิ่āļ‡āđ€āļĢ้āļē

Something that causes a reaction in an organ or cell.

Response

āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļ­āļšāļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‡

The reaction of an organism to a stimulus.

Receptor

āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāļĢัāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢู้āļŠึāļ

A cell or organ (like the eyes or ears) that detects a stimulus and converts it into a nerve impulse.

Effector

āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāļ›āļิāļšัāļ•ิāļ‡āļēāļ™

A part of the body, such as a muscle or gland, that produces a response to a nerve impulse.



Bibliography (āļšāļĢāļĢāļ“āļēāļ™ุāļāļĢāļĄ)

Aksorn. (n.d.). Unit 1 Human Body Systems, Lesson Plan 4 - Nervous system [Lesson Plan]. Aksorn.

 

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