ðŸĶļ‍♀️ The Nephron Ninjas: Your Body's Ultimate Cleaning Crew! ðŸĶļ‍♂️

ðŸĶļ‍♀️ āđ€āļŦāļĨ่āļēāļ™ิāļ™āļˆāļēāļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•: āļŠุāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ”āļ—ีāļĄāļ—āļģāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ°āļ­āļēāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢ่āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ! ðŸĶļ‍♂️

Welcome, future scientists! ðŸ‘Đ‍🔎ðŸ‘Ļ‍🔎 Get ready to explore the microscopic world inside your own kidneys. We're going on a journey to meet the nephrons—tiny, powerful factories that work 24/7 to keep your blood clean and your body perfectly balanced. Think of them as the ultimate ninjas, silently filtering out the bad guys (waste products) and saving the good guys (useful substances). Let's dive in!

āļĒิāļ™āļ”ีāļ•้āļ­āļ™āļĢัāļšāļ™ัāļāļ§ิāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ์āļĢุ่āļ™āđ€āļĒāļēāļ§์! ðŸ‘Đ‍🔎ðŸ‘Ļ‍🔎 āđ€āļ•āļĢีāļĒāļĄāļ•ัāļ§āđƒāļŦ้āļžāļĢ้āļ­āļĄāļ—ี่āļˆāļ°āļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļˆāđ‚āļĨāļāļˆิ๋āļ§āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āđ„āļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļĢāļēāđ€āļ­āļ‡ āđ€āļĢāļēāļāļģāļĨัāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļ­āļ­āļāđ€āļ”ิāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļžāļšāļัāļš āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ• (nephrons) āļ‹ึ่āļ‡āļ็āļ„ืāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āđ€āļĨ็āļāđāļ•่āļ—āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĨัāļ‡āļ—ี่āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ•āļĨāļ­āļ” 24 āļŠั่āļ§āđ‚āļĄāļ‡āļ—ุāļāļ§ัāļ™āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļĢัāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĢāļēāđƒāļŦ้āļŠāļ°āļ­āļēāļ”āđāļĨāļ°āļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļĄāļ”ุāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢ่āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāđƒāļŦ้āļŠāļĄāļšูāļĢāļ“์āđāļšāļš āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļ™ึāļāļ āļēāļžāļ§่āļēāļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āđ€āļ›็āļ™āđ€āļŦāļĄืāļ­āļ™āļŠุāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ”āļ™ิāļ™āļˆāļē āļ—ี่āļ„āļ­āļĒāļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļœู้āļĢ้āļēāļĒ (āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠีāļĒ) āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ‡ีāļĒāļšāđ† āđāļĨāļ°āļŠ่āļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨืāļ­āļ„āļ™āļ”ี (āļŠāļēāļĢāļ—ี่āļĄีāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™์) āđ€āļ­āļēāđ„āļ§้ āļ‡ั้āļ™āđ€āļĢāļēāļĄāļēāđ€āļĢิ่āļĄāļัāļ™āđ€āļĨāļĒ!


1. What is a Nephron? ðŸĪ” āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āļ„ืāļ­āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢ?

A nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Each of your kidneys contains about 1 to 1.5 million of these tiny filtration factories (The Kidney Foundation of Canada, n.d.)! They are called the "functional unit" because each one performs all the kidney's main jobs: filtering blood, reabsorbing what the body needs, and secreting what it doesn't, to ultimately produce urine (BYJU'S, n.d.).

āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ• (Nephron) āļ„ืāļ­āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžื้āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ—ี่āđ€āļĨ็āļāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ• āđ„āļ•āđāļ•่āļĨāļ°āļ‚้āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĢāļēāļĄีāđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļˆิ๋āļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨ่āļēāļ™ี้āļ­āļĒู่āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 1 āļ–ึāļ‡ 1.5 āļĨ้āļēāļ™āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒ (The Kidney Foundation of Canada, āļĄ.āļ›.āļ›.)! āļĄัāļ™āļ–ูāļāđ€āļĢีāļĒāļāļ§่āļē "āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™" (functional unit) āļ็āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļ§่āļēāļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āđāļ•่āļĨāļ°āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāļ—āļģāļŦāļ™้āļēāļ—ี่āļŦāļĨัāļāļ—ั้āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ• āđ„āļ”้āđāļ่ āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”, āļāļēāļĢāļ”ูāļ”āļ‹ึāļĄāļŠāļēāļĢāļ—ี่āļĢ่āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļāļĨัāļšāļ„ืāļ™, āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĨั่āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļ—ี่āļĢ่āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāđ„āļĄ่āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—ิ้āļ‡āđ„āļ› āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ›ัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āđƒāļ™āļ—้āļēāļĒāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ” (BYJU'S, āļĄ.āļ›.āļ›.)

There are two main types of nephrons, each with a special role.

āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āļĄี 2 āļŠāļ™ิāļ”āļŦāļĨัāļ āļ‹ึ่āļ‡āđāļ•่āļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™ิāļ”āļ็āļĄีāļŦāļ™้āļēāļ—ี่āļžิāđ€āļĻāļĐāđāļ•āļāļ•่āļēāļ‡āļัāļ™āđ„āļ›

Table 1: Types of Nephrons

āļ•āļēāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ—ี่ 1: āļŠāļ™ิāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•

Feature - āļ„ุāļ“āļŠāļĄāļšัāļ•ิ

Cortical Nephrons - āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āļ„āļ­āļĢ์āļ•ิāļ„ัāļĨ

Juxtamedullary Nephrons - āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āļ‚้āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĄāļ”ัāļĨāļĨāļē

Location 📍 - āļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™่āļ‡

Located high in the kidney's cortex (the outer part). - āļ­āļĒู่āļŠูāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđ€āļ›āļĨืāļ­āļāđ„āļ• (cortex)

Located low in the cortex, close to the medulla (the inner part). - āļ­āļĒู่āļ•่āļģāđƒāļ™āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđ€āļ›āļĨืāļ­āļāđ„āļ• āđƒāļāļĨ้āļัāļšāļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđ„āļ‚āđ„āļ• (medulla)

Loop of Henle - āļŦ่āļ§āļ‡āđ€āļŪāļ™āđ€āļĨ

Short loop that only goes shallowly into the medulla. - āļŦ่āļ§āļ‡āđ€āļŪāļ™āđ€āļĨāļŠั้āļ™āđ† āļ—ี่āļĨāļ‡āđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđ„āļ‚āđ„āļ•āđ€āļžีāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļĨ็āļāļ™้āļ­āļĒ

Very long loop that goes deep into the medulla. - āļŦ่āļ§āļ‡āđ€āļŪāļ™āđ€āļĨāļ—ี่āļĒāļēāļ§āļĄāļēāļ āļ‹ึ่āļ‡āļ—āļ­āļ”āļ•ัāļ§āļĨึāļāļĨāļ‡āđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āđ„āļ‚āđ„āļ•

Percentage 📊 - āļŠัāļ”āļŠ่āļ§āļ™

About 85% of all nephrons. - āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 85% āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āļ—ั้āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”

About 15% of all nephrons. - āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 15% āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āļ—ั้āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”

Main Job - āļŦāļ™้āļēāļ—ี่āļŦāļĨัāļ

Performs most of the standard filtration and reabsorption. - āļ—āļģāļŦāļ™้āļēāļ—ี่āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ”ูāļ”āļāļĨัāļšāļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›็āļ™āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļ่

Crucial for creating concentrated urine to conserve water. - āļĄีāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļĒิ่āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āļ›ัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āļ—ี่āđ€āļ‚้āļĄāļ‚้āļ™āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļŠāļ‡āļ§āļ™āļ™้āļģāđ„āļ§้āđƒāļ™āļĢ่āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ

 Note. This table summarizes the key differences between the two types of nephrons (macrophage, 2016).

āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļŦāļ•ุ. āļ•āļēāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ™ี้āļŠāļĢุāļ›āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ•āļāļ•่āļēāļ‡āļ—ี่āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§่āļēāļ‡āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™ิāļ” (macrophage, 2016)


2. Anatomy of a Nephron: The Parts of the Factory 🏭

2. āļāļēāļĒāļ§ิāļ āļēāļ„āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•: āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™ ðŸ­

Each nephron has two main parts: the Renal Corpuscle (the filtering unit) and the Renal Tubule (the processing tube).

āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āđāļ•่āļĨāļ°āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāļĄีāļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŦāļĨัāļ 2 āļŠ่āļ§āļ™ āļ„ืāļ­ āđ€āļĢāļ™ัāļĨ āļ„āļ­āļĢ์āļžัāļŠāđ€āļ„ิāļĨ (āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļ—ี่āđƒāļŠ้āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡) āđāļĨāļ° āļ—่āļ­āđ„āļ• (āļ—่āļ­āļ—ี่āđƒāļŠ้āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļœāļĨ)

2.1. The Renal Corpuscle: The Filtration Station ðŸšĶ

2.1. āđ€āļĢāļ™ัāļĨ āļ„āļ­āļĢ์āļžัāļŠāđ€āļ„ิāļĨ: āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™ีāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ­āļ‡ ðŸšĶ

This is where the magic begins! It consists of two structures:

āļ™ี่āļ„ืāļ­āļˆุāļ”āļ—ี่āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļŦัāļĻāļˆāļĢāļĢāļĒ์āđ€āļĢิ่āļĄāļ•้āļ™āļ‚ึ้āļ™! āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”้āļ§āļĒ 2 āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡:

  • Glomerulus (āđ‚āļāļĨāđ€āļĄāļ­āļĢูāļĨัāļŠ) ðŸĨ…: A tiny ball of blood capillaries (small blood vessels). Its main job is to act like a high-pressure sieve, filtering water and small substances out of the blood (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [NIDDK], 2018).
  • Bowman's Capsule (āđ‚āļšāļ§์āđāļĄāļ™āđāļ„āļ›āļ‹ูāļĨ) : A cup-shaped sac that surrounds the glomerulus. Its job is to catch all the fluid that is filtered out of the blood, which is now called filtrate (McIvor, 2024).
  • āđ‚āļāļĨāđ€āļĄāļ­āļĢูāļĨัāļŠ (Glomerulus) ðŸĨ…: āļāļĨุ่āļĄāļŦāļĨāļ­āļ”āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”āļāļ­āļĒāđ€āļĨ็āļāđ† āļ—ี่āļ‚āļ”āļัāļ™āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ้āļ­āļ™āļāļĨāļĄ āļŦāļ™้āļēāļ—ี่āļŦāļĨัāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄัāļ™āļ„ืāļ­āļ—āļģāļ•ัāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĄืāļ­āļ™āļ•āļ°āđāļāļĢāļ‡āļ—ี่āļĄีāđāļĢāļ‡āļ”ัāļ™āļŠูāļ‡ āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ™้āļģāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āđ€āļĨ็āļāļ­āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ” (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [NIDDK], 2018)
  • āđ‚āļšāļ§์āđāļĄāļ™āđāļ„āļ›āļ‹ูāļĨ (Bowman's Capsule) : āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āļ„āļĨ้āļēāļĒāļ–้āļ§āļĒāļ—ี่āļŦ่āļ­āļŦุ้āļĄāđ‚āļāļĨāđ€āļĄāļ­āļĢูāļĨัāļŠāđ„āļ§้ āļ—āļģāļŦāļ™้āļēāļ—ี่āļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ—ั้āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļ—ี่āļ–ูāļāļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ” āļ‹ึ่āļ‡āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ™ี้āļ–ูāļāđ€āļĢีāļĒāļāļ§่āļē āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ—ี่āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ”้ (filtrate) (McIvor, 2024)

2.2. The Renal Tubule: The Processing Conveyor Belt 🔄

2.2. āļ—่āļ­āđ„āļ•: āļŠāļēāļĒāļžāļēāļ™āļĨāļģāđ€āļĨีāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļœāļĨ 🔄

This is a long, twisted tube where the filtrate is processed. It has three main sections:

āļ™ี่āļ„ืāļ­āļ—่āļ­āļ—ี่āļĒāļēāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ”āđ„āļ›āļĄāļēāļ‹ึ่āļ‡āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ—ี่āļ—ี่āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ—ี่āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ”้āļˆāļ°āļ–ูāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļœāļĨ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”้āļ§āļĒ 3 āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļŦāļĨัāļ:

  1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) (āļ—่āļ­āļ‚āļ”āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļ•้āļ™): The first section after Bowman's capsule. This is where most of the "good stuff" (water, glucose, salts) is reabsorbed back into the blood.
  2. Loop of Henle (LOH) (āļŦ่āļ§āļ‡āđ€āļŪāļ™āđ€āļĨ): A U-shaped loop that dips into the medulla. Its key role is to create a salty environment in the kidney, which helps to reabsorb more water and concentrate the urine (Biomed Sessions, 2020).
  3. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) (āļ—่āļ­āļ‚āļ”āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļ›āļĨāļēāļĒ): The final section of the tubule. This is where the final "fine-tuning" of the filtrate happens, with more reabsorption and secretion controlled by hormones.
  4. Collecting Duct (āļ—่āļ­āļĢāļ§āļĄ): The DCTs from many nephrons empty into a collecting duct. This is the final stop where the amount of water in the urine is decided by a hormone called ADH. While technically not part of one nephron, it's where the final product, urine, is formed (JoVE, 2024).
  5. āļ—่āļ­āļ‚āļ”āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļ•้āļ™ (Proximal Convoluted Tubule - PCT): āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđāļĢāļāļ—ี่āļ•่āļ­āļˆāļēāļāđ‚āļšāļ§์āđāļĄāļ™āđāļ„āļ›āļ‹ูāļĨ āļ—ี่āļ™ี่āļ„ืāļ­āļšāļĢิāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ—ี่ "āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ”ี" āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļ่ (āļ™้āļģ, āļāļĨูāđ‚āļ„āļŠ, āđ€āļāļĨืāļ­āđāļĢ่) āļˆāļ°āļ–ูāļāļ”ูāļ”āļ‹ึāļĄāļāļĨัāļšāđ€āļ‚้āļēāļŠู่āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”
  6. āļŦ่āļ§āļ‡āđ€āļŪāļ™āđ€āļĨ (Loop of Henle - LOH): āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ—่āļ­āļĢูāļ›āļ•ัāļ§āļĒูāļ—ี่āļ—āļ­āļ”āļ•ัāļ§āļĨāļ‡āđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āļŠั้āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ”ัāļĨāļĨāļē āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄัāļ™āļ„ืāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđāļ§āļ”āļĨ้āļ­āļĄāļ—ี่āđ€āļ„็āļĄāđƒāļ™āđ„āļ• āļ‹ึ่āļ‡āļŠ่āļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ”ูāļ”āļ™้āļģāļāļĨัāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้āļ›ัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āđ€āļ‚้āļĄāļ‚้āļ™āļ‚ึ้āļ™ (Biomed Sessions, 2020)
  7. āļ—่āļ­āļ‚āļ”āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļ›āļĨāļēāļĒ (Distal Convoluted Tubule - DCT): āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļŠุāļ”āļ—้āļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—่āļ­āđ„āļ• āļ—ี่āļ™ี่āļ„ืāļ­āļšāļĢิāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ—ี่āļĄีāļāļēāļĢ "āļ›āļĢัāļšāđāļ•่āļ‡" āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ—ี่āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ”้āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ„āļĢั้āļ‡āļŠุāļ”āļ—้āļēāļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄีāļāļēāļĢāļ”ูāļ”āļāļĨัāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĨั่āļ‡āđ€āļžิ่āļĄāđ€āļ•ิāļĄāļ‹ึ่āļ‡āļ–ูāļāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„ุāļĄāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŪāļ­āļĢ์āđ‚āļĄāļ™
  8. āļ—่āļ­āļĢāļ§āļĄ (Collecting Duct): āļ—่āļ­ DCT āļˆāļēāļāļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđ† āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāļˆāļ°āļĄāļēāđ€āļ›ิāļ”āđ€āļ‚้āļēāļŠู่āļ—่āļ­āļĢāļ§āļĄ āļ™ี่āļ„ืāļ­āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™ีāļŠุāļ”āļ—้āļēāļĒāļ—ี่āļ›āļĢิāļĄāļēāļ“āļ™้āļģāđƒāļ™āļ›ัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āļˆāļ°āļ–ูāļāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŪāļ­āļĢ์āđ‚āļĄāļ™āļ—ี่āđ€āļĢีāļĒāļāļ§่āļē ADH āļ–ึāļ‡āđāļĄ้āđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™ิāļ„āđāļĨ้āļ§āļ—่āļ­āļĢāļ§āļĄāļˆāļ°āđ„āļĄ่āđƒāļŠ่āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļŦāļ™ึ่āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ€āļ”ีāļĒāļ§ āđāļ•่āļĄัāļ™āļ็āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ—ี่āļ—ี่āļœāļĨิāļ•āļ ัāļ“āļ‘์āļŠุāļ”āļ—้āļēāļĒāļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļ›ัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āļ–ูāļāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āļ‚ึ้āļ™ (JoVE, 2024)

3. The Journey of Urine Formation: 3 Super Steps! 💧

3. āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ”ิāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āļ›ัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°: 3 āļ‚ั้āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļŠุāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ”! 💧

The nephron ninjas clean your blood in three main steps (Visible Body, n.d.).

āđ€āļŦāļĨ่āļēāļ™ิāļ™āļˆāļēāļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āļ—āļģāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ°āļ­āļēāļ”āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„ุāļ“āļœ่āļēāļ™ 3 āļ‚ั้āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļŦāļĨัāļ (Visible Body, āļĄ.āļ›.āļ›.)

Step 1: Glomerular Filtration (The Big Squeeze) 

āļ‚ั้āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ—ี่ 1: āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ—ี่āđ‚āļāļĨāđ€āļĄāļ­āļĢูāļĨัāļŠ (āļāļēāļĢāļšีāļšāļ„āļĢั้āļ‡āđƒāļŦāļ่) 

  • What happens? Blood pressure forces water and small solutes from the blood in the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule.
  • What gets filtered? Water, salts, glucose, amino acids, and waste products like urea and creatinine.
  • What stays in the blood? Big things! Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and large proteins like albumin are too big to pass through the filter.
  • āđ€āļิāļ”āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļ‚ึ้āļ™? āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”ัāļ™āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”āļˆāļ°āļ”ัāļ™āļ™้āļģāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āđ€āļĨ็āļāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļāļĨāđ€āļĄāļ­āļĢูāļĨัāļŠāđ€āļ‚้āļēāđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļšāļ§์āđāļĄāļ™āđāļ„āļ›āļ‹ูāļĨ
  • āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļ–ูāļāļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļš้āļēāļ‡? āļ™้āļģ, āđ€āļāļĨืāļ­āđāļĢ่, āļāļĨูāđ‚āļ„āļŠ, āļāļĢāļ”āļ­āļ°āļĄิāđ‚āļ™, āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠีāļĒ āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ āļĒูāđ€āļĢีāļĒ āđāļĨāļ° āļ„āļĢีāđ€āļ­āļ•ิāļ™ิāļ™
  • āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļ—ี่āļĒัāļ‡āļ„āļ‡āļ­āļĒู่āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”? āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāļ่āđ†! āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨ์āđ€āļĄ็āļ”āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”āđāļ”āļ‡, āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨ์āđ€āļĄ็āļ”āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”āļ‚āļēāļ§, āđ€āļāļĨ็āļ”āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”, āđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•ีāļ™āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āđƒāļŦāļ่ āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ āļ­ัāļĨāļšูāļĄิāļ™ āļĄีāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āđƒāļŦāļ่āđ€āļิāļ™āļāļ§่āļēāļˆāļ°āļœ่āļēāļ™āļ•ัāļ§āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”้

Step 2: Tubular Reabsorption (The Great Take-Back) ðŸĪē

āļ‚ั้āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ—ี่ 2: āļāļēāļĢāļ”ูāļ”āļāļĨัāļšāļ—ี่āļ—่āļ­āđ„āļ• (āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļāļĨัāļšāļ„āļĢั้āļ‡āđƒāļŦāļ่) ðŸĪē

  • What does it mean? It's the process of moving useful substances from the filtrate back into the blood.
  • Why is it important? It's super important! Your body filters about 180 liters of fluid every day, but you only pee out 1-2 liters (Lumen Learning, n.d.). Reabsorption saves all the good stuff your body needs to survive.
  • What is reabsorbed? About 99% of the water, all of the glucose and amino acids, and most of the salts.
  • Where does most of it happen? Most reabsorption happens in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT).
  • āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ§่āļēāļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢ? āļ„ืāļ­āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĒ้āļēāļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāļ—ี่āļĄีāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™์āļˆāļēāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ—ี่āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ”้āļāļĨัāļšāđ€āļ‚้āļēāļŠู่āļāļĢāļ°āđāļŠāđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”
  • āļ—āļģāđ„āļĄāļ–ึāļ‡āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļ? āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļŠุāļ”āđ†! āļĢ่āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„ุāļ“āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 180 āļĨิāļ•āļĢāļ—ุāļāļ§ัāļ™ āđāļ•่āļ„ุāļ“āļ›ัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāđ€āļžีāļĒāļ‡ 1-2 āļĨิāļ•āļĢāđ€āļ—่āļēāļ™ั้āļ™ (Lumen Learning, āļĄ.āļ›.āļ›.) āļāļēāļĢāļ”ูāļ”āļāļĨัāļšāļŠ่āļ§āļĒāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ”ีāļ—ั้āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļ—ี่āļĢ่āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžื่āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ­āļĒู่āļĢāļ­āļ”
  • āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļ–ูāļāļ”ูāļ”āļāļĨัāļšāļš้āļēāļ‡? āļ™้āļģāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 99%, āļāļĨูāđ‚āļ„āļŠāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļ”āļ­āļ°āļĄิāđ‚āļ™āļ—ั้āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”, āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļāļĨืāļ­āđāļĢ่āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļ่
  • āđ€āļิāļ”āļ‚ึ้āļ™āļ—ี่āđ„āļŦāļ™āļĄāļēāļāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ”? āļāļēāļĢāļ”ูāļ”āļāļĨัāļšāļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļ่āđ€āļิāļ”āļ‚ึ้āļ™āļ—ี่āļ—่āļ­āļ‚āļ”āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļ•้āļ™ (PCT)

Step 3: Tubular Secretion (The Final Toss-Out) 🗑️

āļ‚ั้āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ—ี่ 3: āļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĨั่āļ‡āļ—ี่āļ—่āļ­āđ„āļ• (āļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļĒāļ™āļ—ิ้āļ‡āļ„āļĢั้āļ‡āļŠุāļ”āļ—้āļēāļĒ) 🗑️

  • What is it? This is the opposite of reabsorption. It's the process of actively moving extra waste products from the blood into the tubule to be removed in urine.
  • What is secreted? Waste products like excess potassium ions (K⁺), hydrogen ions (H⁺), urea, creatinine, and some drugs (like penicillin) are secreted (Med.LibreTexts, 2024).
  • How does it help? It helps to fine-tune the blood's composition and is especially important for controlling the blood's pH (acid-base balance).
  • āļĄัāļ™āļ„ืāļ­āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢ? āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—ี่āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ‚้āļēāļĄāļัāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ”ูāļ”āļāļĨัāļš āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ™āļŠ่āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠีāļĒāļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđ€āļิāļ™āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”āđ€āļ‚้āļēāđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āļ—่āļ­āđ„āļ•āļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āđāļ‚็āļ‡āļ‚ัāļ™āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļāļģāļˆัāļ”āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āļ›ัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°
  • āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļ–ูāļāļŦāļĨั่āļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāļš้āļēāļ‡? āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠีāļĒ āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ āđ‚āļžāđāļ—āļŠāđ€āļ‹ีāļĒāļĄāđ„āļ­āļ­āļ­āļ™ (K⁺) āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđ€āļิāļ™, āđ„āļŪāđ‚āļ”āļĢāđ€āļˆāļ™āđ„āļ­āļ­āļ­āļ™ (H⁺), āļĒูāđ€āļĢีāļĒ, āļ„āļĢีāđ€āļ­āļ•ิāļ™ิāļ™, āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļēāļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāļ™ิāļ” (āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ āđ€āļžāļ™ิāļ‹ิāļĨāļĨิāļ™) āļˆāļ°āļ–ูāļāļŦāļĨั่āļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļē (Med.LibreTexts, 2024)
  • āļĄัāļ™āļŠ่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ”้āļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢ? āļŠ่āļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢัāļšāđāļ•่āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„์āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”āđƒāļŦ้āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄีāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļĒิ่āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„ุāļĄāļ„่āļē pH āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ” (āļŠāļĄāļ”ุāļĨāļāļĢāļ”-āđ€āļšāļŠ)


4. The Big Picture: Overall Functions of the Nephron 🌍

4. āļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ§āļĄ: āļŦāļ™้āļēāļ—ี่āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ• ðŸŒ

By performing these three steps, nephrons play a vital role in keeping you healthy.

āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģ 3 āļ‚ั้āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ™ี้ āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āļˆึāļ‡āļĄีāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļŠุāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĢāļēāđƒāļŦ้āļ”ี

  • Maintaining Water Balance (Osmoregulation): By adjusting how much water is reabsorbed, especially in the collecting duct under the control of the hormone ADH, nephrons ensure your body stays perfectly hydrated (BBC Bitesize, n.d.).
  • Controlling Blood Pressure: Nephrons help control blood pressure by managing your blood volume. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a key hormonal system involving the kidneys that raises blood pressure when it gets too low (International Online Medical Council, 2021).
  • Removing Waste: This is their most famous job! They filter out metabolic wastes like urea (from protein breakdown) and creatinine (from muscle metabolism) and other toxins from your blood.
  • Final Product - Urine! The final fluid that leaves the collecting duct is called urine. It's mostly made of water (about 95%), and the other 5% is dissolved waste products like urea, creatinine, salts, and other substances your body needs to get rid of (Wikipedia, n.d.-f).
  • āļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļĄāļ”ุāļĨāļ™้āļģ (Osmoregulation): āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢัāļšāļ›āļĢิāļĄāļēāļ“āļ™้āļģāļ—ี่āļ–ูāļāļ”ูāļ”āļāļĨัāļš āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđƒāļ™āļ—่āļ­āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•้āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„ุāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŪāļ­āļĢ์āđ‚āļĄāļ™ ADH āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āļŠ่āļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦ้āļĢ่āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„ุāļ“āļ­āļĒู่āđƒāļ™āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ—ี่āļŠุ่āļĄāļŠื้āļ™āļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĄāļšูāļĢāļ“์āđāļšāļš (BBC Bitesize, āļĄ.āļ›.āļ›.)
  • āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„ุāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”ัāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦิāļ•: āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āļŠ่āļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„ุāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”ัāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦิāļ•āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļˆัāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢิāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ” āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ€āļĢāļ™ิāļ™-āđāļ­āļ‡āļˆิāđ‚āļ­āđ€āļ—āļ™āļ‹ิāļ™-āļ­ัāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļŠāđ€āļ•āļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ™ (RAAS) āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŪāļ­āļĢ์āđ‚āļĄāļ™āļ—ี่āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļ‹ึ่āļ‡āđ€āļี่āļĒāļ§āļ‚้āļ­āļ‡āļัāļšāđ„āļ• āļ—āļģāļŦāļ™้āļēāļ—ี่āđ€āļžิ่āļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”ัāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦิāļ•āđ€āļĄื่āļ­āļĄัāļ™āļĨāļ”āļ•่āļģāđ€āļิāļ™āđ„āļ› (International Online Medical Council, 2021)
  • āļāļģāļˆัāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠีāļĒ: āļ™ี่āļ„ืāļ­āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—ี่āđ‚āļ”่āļ‡āļ”ัāļ‡āļ—ี่āļŠุāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄัāļ™! āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠีāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļœāļēāļœāļĨāļēāļ āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ āļĒูāđ€āļĢีāļĒ (āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĨāļēāļĒāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•ีāļ™) āđāļĨāļ° āļ„āļĢีāđ€āļ­āļ•ิāļ™ิāļ™ (āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļœāļēāļœāļĨāļēāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĨ้āļēāļĄāđ€āļ™ื้āļ­) āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļžิāļĐāļ­ื่āļ™āđ† āļ­āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ”
  • āļœāļĨิāļ•āļ ัāļ“āļ‘์āļŠุāļ”āļ—้āļēāļĒ - āļ›ัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°! āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ§āļŠุāļ”āļ—้āļēāļĒāļ—ี่āļ­āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ—่āļ­āļĢāļ§āļĄāđ€āļĢีāļĒāļāļ§่āļē āļ›ัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ° (urine) āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļ่āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”้āļ§āļĒāļ™้āļģ (āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 95%) āđāļĨāļ°āļ­ีāļ 5% āļ—ี่āđ€āļŦāļĨืāļ­āļ„ืāļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠีāļĒāļ—ี่āļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ­āļĒู่ āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ āļĒูāđ€āļĢีāļĒ, āļ„āļĢีāđ€āļ­āļ•ิāļ™ิāļ™, āđ€āļāļĨืāļ­āđāļĢ่, āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļ­ื่āļ™āđ† āļ—ี่āļĢ่āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļˆัāļ”āļ—ิ้āļ‡ (āļ§ิāļิāļžีāđ€āļ”ีāļĒ, āļĄ.āļ›.āļ›.-āļ‰)

Bibliography (āļšāļĢāļĢāļ“āļēāļ™ุāļāļĢāļĄ)

BBC Bitesize. (n.d.). The role of ADH in the body. GCSE Biology (Single Science) Revision. Retrieved June 7, 2024, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zq4c2sg/revision/5

Biomed Sessions. (2020, December 9). LOOP OF HENLE explained!! [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-3_p2y2CgM

BYJU'S. (n.d.). Nephron- Functions of renal tubules. Retrieved June 7, 2024, from https://byjus.com/biology/nephron-functions/

International Online Medical Council (IOMC). (2021). Kidney and its role in renin-angiotensin system. Journal of Medical Research and Case Reports, 3(2), 1-6. https://www.iomcworld.com/open-access/kidney-and-its-role-in-renin-angiotensin-system.pdf

JoVE. (2024). Renal tubule and collecting duct. In JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology. Retrieved June 7, 2024, from https://www.jove.com/v/14298/renal-tubule-and-collecting-duct

Lumen Learning. (n.d.). Physiology of urine formation in the nephrons. BIO103: Human Biology. Retrieved June 7, 2024, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-albany-biology103/chapter/physiology-of-urine-formation-in-the-nephrons/

macrophage. (2016, September 12). Cortical vs. juxtamedullary nephrons in the kidney [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq5-K_d_pA4

McIvor, L. M. (2024, May 15). Nephron structure (Edexcel IGCSE Biology): Revision note. Save My Exams. Retrieved from https://www.savemyexams.com/igcse/biology/edexcel/revision-notes/2-structure-function-in-living-organisms/excretion/nephron-structure/

Med.LibreTexts. (2024, October 5). 24.3E: Tubular secretion. Retrieved June 7, 2024, from https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/8144

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). (2018, June). Your kidneys & how they work. Retrieved June 7, 2024, from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work

The Kidney Foundation of Canada. (n.d.). How kidneys work. Retrieved June 7, 2024, from https://kidney.ca/Kidney-Health/How-Kidneys-Work

Visible Body. (n.d.). Filtration, reabsorption, secretion: The three steps of urine formation. Visible Body Learn. Retrieved June 7, 2024, from https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/urinary/filtration-reabsorption-secretion

Wikipedia. (n.d.-a). Nephron. In Wikipedia. Retrieved June 7, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron

Wikipedia. (n.d.-b). Urine. In Wikipedia. Retrieved June 7, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine

āļ§ิāļิāļžีāđ€āļ”ีāļĒ. (āļĄ.āļ›.āļ›.-āļ). āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•. āđƒāļ™ āļ§ิāļิāļžีāđ€āļ”ีāļĒ āļŠāļēāļĢāļēāļ™ุāļāļĢāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĢี. āđ€āļĢีāļĒāļāđƒāļŠ้āđ€āļĄื่āļ­ 7 āļĄิāļ–ุāļ™āļēāļĒāļ™ 2567, āļˆāļēāļ https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95

āļ§ิāļิāļžีāđ€āļ”ีāļĒ. (āļĄ.āļ›.āļ›.-āļ‚). āļ›ัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°. āđƒāļ™ āļ§ิāļิāļžีāđ€āļ”ีāļĒ āļŠāļēāļĢāļēāļ™ุāļāļĢāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĢี. āđ€āļĢีāļĒāļāđƒāļŠ้āđ€āļĄื่āļ­ 7 āļĄิāļ–ุāļ™āļēāļĒāļ™ 2567, āļˆāļēāļ https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0

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