ðĶļ♀️ The Nephron Ninjas: Your Body's Ultimate Cleaning Crew! ðĶļ♂️
ðĶļ♀️ āđāļŦāļĨ่āļēāļิāļāļāļēāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļ: āļŠุāļāļĒāļāļāļีāļĄāļāļģāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ°āļāļēāļāļāļāļāļĢ่āļēāļāļāļēāļĒ! ðĶļ♂️
Welcome,
future scientists! ðĐðŽðĻðŽ Get ready to explore the
microscopic world inside your own kidneys. We're going on a journey to meet the
nephrons—tiny, powerful factories that work 24/7 to keep your blood
clean and your body perfectly balanced. Think of them as the ultimate ninjas,
silently filtering out the bad guys (waste products) and saving the good guys
(useful substances). Let's dive in!
āļĒิāļāļีāļ้āļāļāļĢัāļāļัāļāļ§ิāļāļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢ์āļĢุ่āļāđāļĒāļēāļ§์!
ðĐðŽðĻðŽ āđāļāļĢีāļĒāļĄāļัāļ§āđāļŦ้āļāļĢ้āļāļĄāļี่āļāļ°āļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļāđāļĨāļāļิ๋āļ§āļ āļēāļĒāđāļāđāļāļāļāļāļāļ§āļāđāļĢāļēāđāļāļ āđāļĢāļēāļāļģāļĨัāļāļāļ°āļāļāļāđāļิāļāļāļēāļāđāļāļāļāļัāļ āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļ (nephrons) āļึ่āļāļ็āļืāļāđāļĢāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļēāļāđāļĨ็āļāđāļ่āļāļĢāļāļāļĨัāļāļี่āļāļģāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļāļ
24 āļั่āļ§āđāļĄāļāļุāļāļ§ัāļāđāļื่āļāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāđāļĨืāļāļāļāļāļāđāļĢāļēāđāļŦ้āļŠāļ°āļāļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļĄāļุāļĨāļāļāļāļĢ่āļēāļāļāļēāļĒāđāļŦ้āļŠāļĄāļูāļĢāļ์āđāļāļ
āļĨāļāļāļึāļāļ āļēāļāļ§่āļēāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāđāļ็āļāđāļŦāļĄืāļāļāļŠุāļāļĒāļāļāļิāļāļāļē āļี่āļāļāļĒāļāļĢāļāļāļู้āļĢ้āļēāļĒ (āļāļāļāđāļŠีāļĒ)
āļāļāļāđāļāļāļĒ่āļēāļāđāļีāļĒāļāđ āđāļĨāļ°āļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļŦāļĨืāļāļāļāļี (āļŠāļēāļĢāļี่āļĄีāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĒāļāļ์) āđāļāļēāđāļ§้
āļั้āļāđāļĢāļēāļĄāļēāđāļĢิ่āļĄāļัāļāđāļĨāļĒ!
1. What
is a Nephron? ðĪ āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļืāļāļāļ°āđāļĢ?
A nephron
is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Each of your kidneys
contains about 1 to 1.5 million of these tiny filtration factories (The Kidney
Foundation of Canada, n.d.)! They are called the "functional unit"
because each one performs all the kidney's main jobs: filtering blood,
reabsorbing what the body needs, and secreting what it doesn't, to ultimately
produce urine (BYJU'S, n.d.).
āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļ
(Nephron) āļืāļāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļĢāļāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļēāļāļื้āļāļāļēāļāļี่āđāļĨ็āļāļี่āļŠุāļāļāļāļāđāļ
āđāļāđāļ่āļĨāļ°āļ้āļēāļāļāļāļāđāļĢāļēāļĄีāđāļĢāļāļāļēāļāļāļĢāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļิ๋āļ§āđāļŦāļĨ่āļēāļี้āļāļĒู่āļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ 1 āļึāļ 1.5 āļĨ้āļēāļāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒ
(The Kidney Foundation
of Canada, āļĄ.āļ.āļ.)!
āļĄัāļāļูāļāđāļĢีāļĒāļāļ§่āļē "āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāļāļģāļāļēāļ" (functional unit) āļ็āđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļ§่āļēāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāđāļ่āļĨāļ°āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāļāļģāļŦāļ้āļēāļี่āļŦāļĨัāļāļั้āļāļŦāļĄāļāļāļāļāđāļ
āđāļ้āđāļ่ āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļāļāđāļĨืāļāļ, āļāļēāļĢāļูāļāļึāļĄāļŠāļēāļĢāļี่āļĢ่āļēāļāļāļēāļĒāļ้āļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨัāļāļืāļ, āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĨั่āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļี่āļĢ่āļēāļāļāļēāļĒāđāļĄ่āļ้āļāļāļāļēāļĢāļิ้āļāđāļ
āđāļื่āļāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļāđāļ็āļāļัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āđāļāļ้āļēāļĒāļี่āļŠุāļ (BYJU'S, āļĄ.āļ.āļ.)
There are
two main types of nephrons, each with a special role.
āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļĄี
2 āļāļิāļāļŦāļĨัāļ
āļึ่āļāđāļ่āļĨāļ°āļāļิāļāļ็āļĄีāļŦāļ้āļēāļี่āļิāđāļĻāļĐāđāļāļāļ่āļēāļāļัāļāđāļ
Table 1:
Types of Nephrons
āļāļēāļĢāļēāļāļี่
1: āļāļิāļāļāļāļāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļ
|
Feature - āļุāļāļŠāļĄāļัāļิ |
Cortical Nephrons - āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļāļāļĢ์āļิāļัāļĨ |
Juxtamedullary
Nephrons - āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļ้āļēāļāđāļĄāļัāļĨāļĨāļē |
|
Location ð - āļāļģāđāļŦāļ่āļ |
Located high in the kidney's
cortex (the outer part). - āļāļĒู่āļŠูāļāđāļāļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļāļĨืāļāļāđāļ
(cortex) |
Located low in the cortex, close
to the medulla (the inner part). - āļāļĒู่āļ่āļģāđāļāļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļāļĨืāļāļāđāļ āđāļāļĨ้āļัāļāļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļāđāļ (medulla) |
|
Loop of Henle ➰ - āļŦ่āļ§āļāđāļŪāļāđāļĨ |
Short loop that only goes
shallowly into the medulla. - āļŦ่āļ§āļāđāļŪāļāđāļĨāļŠั้āļāđ
āļี่āļĨāļāđāļāđāļāļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļāđāļāđāļีāļĒāļāđāļĨ็āļāļ้āļāļĒ |
Very long loop that goes deep into
the medulla. - āļŦ่āļ§āļāđāļŪāļāđāļĨāļี่āļĒāļēāļ§āļĄāļēāļ
āļึ่āļāļāļāļāļัāļ§āļĨึāļāļĨāļāđāļāđāļāđāļāđāļ |
|
Percentage ð - āļŠัāļāļŠ่āļ§āļ |
About 85% of all nephrons. - āļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ 85% āļāļāļāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļั้āļāļŦāļĄāļ |
About 15% of all nephrons. - āļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ 15% āļāļāļāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļั้āļāļŦāļĄāļ |
|
Main Job ✨ - āļŦāļ้āļēāļี่āļŦāļĨัāļ |
Performs most of the standard
filtration and reabsorption. - āļāļģāļŦāļ้āļēāļี่āļāļĢāļāļāđāļĨāļ°āļูāļāļāļĨัāļāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļ็āļāļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļŦāļ่ |
Crucial for creating concentrated
urine to conserve water. - āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļัāļāļāļĒ่āļēāļāļĒิ่āļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļāļัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āļี่āđāļ้āļĄāļ้āļāđāļื่āļāļŠāļāļ§āļāļ้āļģāđāļ§้āđāļāļĢ่āļēāļāļāļēāļĒ |
āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļŦāļุ.
āļāļēāļĢāļēāļāļี้āļŠāļĢุāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļāļ่āļēāļāļี่āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§่āļēāļāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļŠāļāļāļāļิāļ (macrophage, 2016)
2.
Anatomy of a Nephron: The Parts of the Factory ð
2. āļāļēāļĒāļ§ิāļ āļēāļāļāļāļāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļ: āļŠ่āļ§āļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļĢāļāļāļēāļ ð
Each
nephron has two main parts: the Renal Corpuscle (the filtering unit) and the
Renal Tubule (the processing tube).
āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāđāļ่āļĨāļ°āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāļĄีāļŠ่āļ§āļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļŦāļĨัāļ
2 āļŠ่āļ§āļ āļืāļ āđāļĢāļัāļĨ āļāļāļĢ์āļัāļŠāđāļิāļĨ (āļŠ่āļ§āļāļี่āđāļ้āļāļĢāļāļ)
āđāļĨāļ° āļ่āļāđāļ (āļ่āļāļี่āđāļ้āļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļāļĨ)
2.1. The
Renal Corpuscle: The Filtration Station ðĶ
2.1. āđāļĢāļัāļĨ āļāļāļĢ์āļัāļŠāđāļิāļĨ: āļŠāļāļēāļีāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļāļ ðĶ
This is
where the magic begins! It consists of two structures:
āļี่āļืāļāļุāļāļี่āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļŦัāļĻāļāļĢāļĢāļĒ์āđāļĢิ่āļĄāļ้āļāļึ้āļ!
āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļ้āļ§āļĒ 2 āđāļāļĢāļāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ:
- Glomerulus (āđāļāļĨāđāļĄāļāļĢูāļĨัāļŠ) ðĨ
:
A tiny ball of blood capillaries (small blood vessels). Its main job is to
act like a high-pressure sieve, filtering water and small substances out
of the blood (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases [NIDDK], 2018).
- Bowman's Capsule (āđāļāļ§์āđāļĄāļāđāļāļāļูāļĨ) ☕: A cup-shaped sac that
surrounds the glomerulus. Its job is to catch all the fluid that is
filtered out of the blood, which is now called filtrate (McIvor,
2024).
- āđāļāļĨāđāļĄāļāļĢูāļĨัāļŠ (Glomerulus) ðĨ
: āļāļĨุ่āļĄāļŦāļĨāļāļāđāļĨืāļāļāļāļāļĒāđāļĨ็āļāđ
āļี่āļāļāļัāļāđāļ็āļāļ้āļāļāļāļĨāļĄ āļŦāļ้āļēāļี่āļŦāļĨัāļāļāļāļāļĄัāļāļืāļāļāļģāļัāļ§āđāļŦāļĄืāļāļāļāļ°āđāļāļĢāļāļี่āļĄีāđāļĢāļāļัāļāļŠูāļ
āđāļื่āļāļāļĢāļāļāļ้āļģāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļāļēāļāđāļĨ็āļāļāļāļāļāļēāļāđāļĨืāļāļ (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases [NIDDK], 2018)
- āđāļāļ§์āđāļĄāļāđāļāļāļูāļĨ (Bowman's Capsule) ☕: āđāļāļĢāļāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļāļāļĨ้āļēāļĒāļ้āļ§āļĒāļี่āļŦ่āļāļŦุ้āļĄāđāļāļĨāđāļĄāļāļĢูāļĨัāļŠāđāļ§้
āļāļģāļŦāļ้āļēāļี่āļĢāļ§āļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāđāļŦāļĨāļ§āļั้āļāļŦāļĄāļāļี่āļูāļāļāļĢāļāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļāđāļĨืāļāļ āļึ่āļāļāļāļāļี้āļูāļāđāļĢีāļĒāļāļ§่āļē āļāļāļāđāļŦāļĨāļ§āļี่āļāļĢāļāļāđāļ้ (filtrate) (McIvor, 2024)
2.2. The
Renal Tubule: The Processing Conveyor Belt ð
2.2. āļ่āļāđāļ: āļŠāļēāļĒāļāļēāļāļĨāļģāđāļĨีāļĒāļāđāļื่āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļāļĨ ð
This is a
long, twisted tube where the filtrate is processed. It has three main sections:
āļี่āļืāļāļ่āļāļี่āļĒāļēāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļāļāđāļāļĄāļēāļึ่āļāđāļ็āļāļี่āļี่āļāļāļāđāļŦāļĨāļ§āļี่āļāļĢāļāļāđāļ้āļāļ°āļูāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļāļĨ
āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļ้āļ§āļĒ 3 āļŠ่āļ§āļāļŦāļĨัāļ:
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule
(PCT) (āļ่āļāļāļāļŠ่āļ§āļāļ้āļ): The first section after
Bowman's capsule. This is where most of the "good stuff" (water,
glucose, salts) is reabsorbed back into the blood.
- Loop of Henle (LOH) (āļŦ่āļ§āļāđāļŪāļāđāļĨ): A U-shaped loop that dips into
the medulla. Its key role is to create a salty environment in the kidney,
which helps to reabsorb more water and concentrate the urine (Biomed
Sessions, 2020).
- Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
(āļ่āļāļāļāļŠ่āļ§āļāļāļĨāļēāļĒ): The final section of the
tubule. This is where the final "fine-tuning" of the filtrate
happens, with more reabsorption and secretion controlled by hormones.
- Collecting Duct (āļ่āļāļĢāļ§āļĄ): The DCTs from many nephrons
empty into a collecting duct. This is the final stop where the amount of
water in the urine is decided by a hormone called ADH. While
technically not part of one nephron, it's where the final product, urine,
is formed (JoVE, 2024).
- āļ่āļāļāļāļŠ่āļ§āļāļ้āļ (Proximal Convoluted Tubule -
PCT): āđāļ็āļāļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļĢāļāļี่āļ่āļāļāļēāļāđāļāļ§์āđāļĄāļāđāļāļāļูāļĨ
āļี่āļี่āļืāļāļāļĢิāđāļ§āļāļี่ "āļāļāļāļี" āļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļŦāļ่ (āļ้āļģ, āļāļĨูāđāļāļŠ, āđāļāļĨืāļāđāļĢ่)
āļāļ°āļูāļāļูāļāļึāļĄāļāļĨัāļāđāļ้āļēāļŠู่āđāļĨืāļāļ
- āļŦ่āļ§āļāđāļŪāļāđāļĨ (Loop of Henle - LOH): āđāļ็āļāļ่āļāļĢูāļāļัāļ§āļĒูāļี่āļāļāļāļัāļ§āļĨāļāđāļāđāļāļั้āļāđāļĄāļัāļĨāļĨāļē
āļāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļģāļัāļāļāļāļāļĄัāļāļืāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđāļ§āļāļĨ้āļāļĄāļี่āđāļ็āļĄāđāļāđāļ
āļึ่āļāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļูāļāļ้āļģāļāļĨัāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļģāđāļŦ้āļัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āđāļ้āļĄāļ้āļāļึ้āļ (Biomed Sessions, 2020)
- āļ่āļāļāļāļŠ่āļ§āļāļāļĨāļēāļĒ (Distal Convoluted Tubule -
DCT): āđāļ็āļāļŠ่āļ§āļāļŠุāļāļ้āļēāļĒāļāļāļāļ่āļāđāļ
āļี่āļี่āļืāļāļāļĢิāđāļ§āļāļี่āļĄีāļāļēāļĢ "āļāļĢัāļāđāļ่āļ"
āļāļāļāđāļŦāļĨāļ§āļี่āļāļĢāļāļāđāļ้āđāļ็āļāļāļĢั้āļāļŠุāļāļ้āļēāļĒ
āđāļāļĒāļĄีāļāļēāļĢāļูāļāļāļĨัāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĨั่āļāđāļิ่āļĄāđāļิāļĄāļึ่āļāļูāļāļāļ§āļāļุāļĄāđāļāļĒāļŪāļāļĢ์āđāļĄāļ
- āļ่āļāļĢāļ§āļĄ (Collecting Duct): āļ่āļ DCT āļāļēāļāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđ
āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāļāļ°āļĄāļēāđāļิāļāđāļ้āļēāļŠู่āļ่āļāļĢāļ§āļĄ
āļี่āļืāļāļŠāļāļēāļีāļŠุāļāļ้āļēāļĒāļี่āļāļĢิāļĄāļēāļāļ้āļģāđāļāļัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āļāļ°āļูāļāļāļģāļŦāļāļāđāļāļĒāļŪāļāļĢ์āđāļĄāļāļี่āđāļĢีāļĒāļāļ§่āļē ADH āļึāļāđāļĄ้āđāļāļāļēāļāđāļāļāļิāļāđāļĨ้āļ§āļ่āļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļ°āđāļĄ่āđāļ่āļŠ่āļ§āļāļŦāļึ่āļāļāļāļāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļีāļĒāļ§
āđāļ่āļĄัāļāļ็āđāļ็āļāļี่āļี่āļāļĨิāļāļ ัāļāļ์āļŠุāļāļ้āļēāļĒāļāļĒ่āļēāļāļัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āļูāļāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļāļึ้āļ (JoVE, 2024)
3. The
Journey of Urine Formation: 3 Super Steps! ð§
3. āļāļēāļĢāđāļิāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļāļัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°: 3 āļั้āļāļāļāļāļŠุāļāļĒāļāļ! ð§
The nephron
ninjas clean your blood in three main steps (Visible Body, n.d.).
āđāļŦāļĨ่āļēāļิāļāļāļēāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļāļģāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ°āļāļēāļāđāļĨืāļāļāļāļāļāļุāļāļ่āļēāļ
3 āļั้āļāļāļāļāļŦāļĨัāļ (Visible Body, āļĄ.āļ.āļ.)
Step 1: Glomerular Filtration (The Big Squeeze)
āļั้āļāļāļāļāļี่ 1: āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļāļāļี่āđāļāļĨāđāļĄāļāļĢูāļĨัāļŠ (āļāļēāļĢāļีāļāļāļĢั้āļāđāļŦāļ่)
- What happens? Blood pressure forces water
and small solutes from the blood in the glomerulus into the Bowman's
capsule.
- What gets filtered? Water, salts, glucose, amino
acids, and waste products like urea and creatinine.
- What stays in the blood? Big things! Red blood cells,
white blood cells, platelets, and large proteins like albumin are too big
to pass through the filter.
- āđāļิāļāļāļ°āđāļĢāļึ้āļ? āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļัāļāđāļĨืāļāļāļāļ°āļัāļāļ้āļģāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļāļāļēāļāđāļĨ็āļāļāļēāļāđāļĨืāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĨāđāļĄāļāļĢูāļĨัāļŠāđāļ้āļēāđāļāđāļāđāļāļ§์āđāļĄāļāđāļāļāļูāļĨ
- āļāļ°āđāļĢāļูāļāļāļĢāļāļāļāļāļāđāļāļ้āļēāļ? āļ้āļģ, āđāļāļĨืāļāđāļĢ่, āļāļĨูāđāļāļŠ, āļāļĢāļāļāļ°āļĄิāđāļ, āđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļāđāļŠีāļĒ āđāļ่āļ āļĒูāđāļĢีāļĒ āđāļĨāļ° āļāļĢีāđāļāļิāļิāļ
- āļāļ°āđāļĢāļี่āļĒัāļāļāļāļāļĒู่āđāļāđāļĨืāļāļ? āļāļāļāđāļŦāļ่āđ! āđāļāļĨāļĨ์āđāļĄ็āļāđāļĨืāļāļāđāļāļ, āđāļāļĨāļĨ์āđāļĄ็āļāđāļĨืāļāļāļāļēāļ§, āđāļāļĨ็āļāđāļĨืāļāļ, āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĢāļีāļāļāļāļēāļāđāļŦāļ่
āđāļ่āļ āļัāļĨāļูāļĄิāļ āļĄีāļāļāļēāļāđāļŦāļ่āđāļิāļāļāļ§่āļēāļāļ°āļ่āļēāļāļัāļ§āļāļĢāļāļāđāļāđāļ้
Step 2:
Tubular Reabsorption (The Great Take-Back) ðĪē
āļั้āļāļāļāļāļี่
2: āļāļēāļĢāļูāļāļāļĨัāļāļี่āļ่āļāđāļ (āļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļĨัāļāļāļĢั้āļāđāļŦāļ่) ðĪē
- What does it mean? It's the process of moving
useful substances from the filtrate back into the blood.
- Why is it important? It's super important! Your
body filters about 180 liters of fluid every day, but you only pee out 1-2
liters (Lumen Learning, n.d.). Reabsorption saves all the good stuff your
body needs to survive.
- What is reabsorbed? About 99% of the water, all of
the glucose and amino acids, and most of the salts.
- Where does most of it happen? Most reabsorption happens in
the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT).
- āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§่āļēāļāļĒ่āļēāļāđāļĢ? āļืāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāļĒ้āļēāļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāļี่āļĄีāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĒāļāļ์āļāļēāļāļāļāļāđāļŦāļĨāļ§āļี่āļāļĢāļāļāđāļ้āļāļĨัāļāđāļ้āļēāļŠู่āļāļĢāļ°āđāļŠāđāļĨืāļāļ
- āļāļģāđāļĄāļึāļāļŠāļģāļัāļ? āļŠāļģāļัāļāļŠุāļāđ!
āļĢ่āļēāļāļāļēāļĒāļāļāļāļุāļāļāļĢāļāļāļāļāļāđāļŦāļĨāļ§āļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ 180 āļĨิāļāļĢāļุāļāļ§ัāļ
āđāļ่āļุāļāļัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āļāļāļāļĄāļēāđāļีāļĒāļ 1-2
āļĨิāļāļĢāđāļ่āļēāļั้āļ (Lumen Learning, āļĄ.āļ.āļ.)
āļāļēāļĢāļูāļāļāļĨัāļāļ่āļ§āļĒāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļāļāļāļีāļั้āļāļŦāļĄāļāļี่āļĢ่āļēāļāļāļēāļĒāļ้āļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļื่āļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĒู่āļĢāļāļ
- āļāļ°āđāļĢāļูāļāļูāļāļāļĨัāļāļ้āļēāļ? āļ้āļģāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ 99%, āļāļĨูāđāļāļŠāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļāļāļ°āļĄิāđāļāļั้āļāļŦāļĄāļ, āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĨืāļāđāļĢ่āļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļŦāļ่
- āđāļิāļāļึ้āļāļี่āđāļŦāļāļĄāļēāļāļี่āļŠุāļ? āļāļēāļĢāļูāļāļāļĨัāļāļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļŦāļ่āđāļิāļāļึ้āļāļี่āļ่āļāļāļāļŠ่āļ§āļāļ้āļ
(PCT)
Step 3:
Tubular Secretion (The Final Toss-Out) ð️
āļั้āļāļāļāļāļี่
3: āļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĨั่āļāļี่āļ่āļāđāļ (āļāļēāļĢāđāļĒāļāļิ้āļāļāļĢั้āļāļŠุāļāļ้āļēāļĒ) ð️
- What is it? This is the opposite of
reabsorption. It's the process of actively moving extra waste products
from the blood into the tubule to be removed in urine.
- What is secreted? Waste products like excess
potassium ions (K⁺), hydrogen ions (H⁺), urea, creatinine, and some drugs
(like penicillin) are secreted (Med.LibreTexts, 2024).
- How does it help? It helps to fine-tune the
blood's composition and is especially important for controlling the
blood's pH (acid-base balance).
- āļĄัāļāļืāļāļāļ°āđāļĢ? āđāļ็āļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāļี่āļāļĢāļāļ้āļēāļĄāļัāļāļāļēāļĢāļูāļāļāļĨัāļ
āđāļ็āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļŠ่āļāļāļāļāđāļŠีāļĒāļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļิāļāļāļēāļāđāļĨืāļāļāđāļ้āļēāđāļāđāļāļ่āļāđāļāļāļĒ่āļēāļāđāļ็āļāļัāļāđāļื่āļāļāļģāļัāļāļāļāļāđāļāđāļāļัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°
- āļāļ°āđāļĢāļูāļāļŦāļĨั่āļāļāļāļāļĄāļēāļ้āļēāļ? āļāļāļāđāļŠีāļĒ āđāļ่āļ āđāļāđāļāļŠāđāļีāļĒāļĄāđāļāļāļāļ (K⁺) āļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļิāļ, āđāļŪāđāļāļĢāđāļāļāđāļāļāļāļ
(H⁺), āļĒูāđāļĢีāļĒ, āļāļĢีāđāļāļิāļิāļ, āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļēāļāļēāļāļāļิāļ (āđāļ่āļ āđāļāļิāļิāļĨāļĨิāļ)
āļāļ°āļูāļāļŦāļĨั่āļāļāļāļāļĄāļē (Med.LibreTexts,
2024)
- āļĄัāļāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļ้āļāļĒ่āļēāļāđāļĢ? āļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢัāļāđāļ่āļāļāļāļ์āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļĨืāļāļāđāļŦ้āđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ
āđāļĨāļ°āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļัāļāļāļĒ่āļēāļāļĒิ่āļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļ§āļāļุāļĄāļ่āļē pH āļāļāļāđāļĨืāļāļ
(āļŠāļĄāļุāļĨāļāļĢāļ-āđāļāļŠ)
4. The
Big Picture: Overall Functions of the Nephron ð
4. āļ āļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄ: āļŦāļ้āļēāļี่āđāļāļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļ ð
By
performing these three steps, nephrons play a vital role in keeping you
healthy.
āļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģ
3 āļั้āļāļāļāļāļี้
āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļึāļāļĄีāļāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļģāļัāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļŠุāļāļ āļēāļāļāļāļāđāļĢāļēāđāļŦ้āļี
- Maintaining Water Balance
(Osmoregulation):
By adjusting how much water is reabsorbed, especially in the collecting
duct under the control of the hormone ADH, nephrons ensure your
body stays perfectly hydrated (BBC Bitesize, n.d.).
- Controlling Blood Pressure: Nephrons help control blood
pressure by managing your blood volume. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
System (RAAS) is a key hormonal system involving the kidneys that
raises blood pressure when it gets too low (International Online Medical
Council, 2021).
- Removing Waste: This is their most famous job!
They filter out metabolic wastes like urea (from protein breakdown)
and creatinine (from muscle metabolism) and other toxins from your
blood.
- Final Product - Urine! The final fluid that leaves
the collecting duct is called urine. It's mostly made of water
(about 95%), and the other 5% is dissolved waste products like urea,
creatinine, salts, and other substances your body needs to get rid of
(Wikipedia, n.d.-f).
- āļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļĄāļุāļĨāļ้āļģ (Osmoregulation): āđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢัāļāļāļĢิāļĄāļēāļāļ้āļģāļี่āļูāļāļูāļāļāļĨัāļ
āđāļāļĒāđāļāļāļēāļ°āđāļāļ่āļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ āļēāļĒāđāļ้āļāļēāļĢāļāļ§āļāļุāļĄāļāļāļāļŪāļāļĢ์āđāļĄāļ ADH āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļŦ้āļĢ่āļēāļāļāļēāļĒāļāļāļāļุāļāļāļĒู่āđāļāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļี่āļุ่āļĄāļื้āļāļāļĒ่āļēāļāļŠāļĄāļูāļĢāļ์āđāļāļ
(BBC Bitesize, āļĄ.āļ.āļ.)
- āļāļ§āļāļุāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļัāļāđāļĨāļŦิāļ: āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļ่āļ§āļĒāļāļ§āļāļุāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļัāļāđāļĨāļŦิāļāđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļัāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢิāļĄāļēāļāļĢāđāļĨืāļāļ āļĢāļ°āļāļāđāļĢāļิāļ-āđāļāļāļิāđāļāđāļāļāļิāļ-āļัāļĨāđāļāļŠāđāļāļāđāļĢāļ (RAAS) āđāļ็āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļŪāļāļĢ์āđāļĄāļāļี่āļŠāļģāļัāļāļึ่āļāđāļี่āļĒāļ§āļ้āļāļāļัāļāđāļ
āļāļģāļŦāļ้āļēāļี่āđāļิ่āļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļัāļāđāļĨāļŦิāļāđāļĄื่āļāļĄัāļāļĨāļāļ่āļģāđāļิāļāđāļ (International Online Medical
Council, 2021)
- āļāļģāļัāļāļāļāļāđāļŠีāļĒ: āļี่āļืāļāļāļēāļāļี่āđāļ่āļāļัāļāļี่āļŠุāļāļāļāļāļĄัāļ!
āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļāļāļĢāļāļāļāļāļāđāļŠีāļĒāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļēāļāļĨāļēāļ āđāļ่āļ āļĒูāđāļĢีāļĒ (āļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĨāļēāļĒāđāļāļĢāļีāļ) āđāļĨāļ° āļāļĢีāđāļāļิāļิāļ (āļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļēāļāļĨāļēāļāļāļāļāļāļĨ้āļēāļĄāđāļื้āļ)
āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļิāļĐāļื่āļāđ āļāļāļāļāļēāļāđāļĨืāļāļ
- āļāļĨิāļāļ ัāļāļ์āļŠุāļāļ้āļēāļĒ - āļัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°! āļāļāļāđāļŦāļĨāļ§āļŠุāļāļ้āļēāļĒāļี่āļāļāļāļāļēāļāļ่āļāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĢีāļĒāļāļ§่āļē āļัāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ° (urine) āļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļŦāļ่āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļ้āļ§āļĒāļ้āļģ (āļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ 95%) āđāļĨāļ°āļีāļ 5% āļี่āđāļŦāļĨืāļāļืāļāļāļāļāđāļŠีāļĒāļี่āļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļāļĒู่
āđāļ่āļ āļĒูāđāļĢีāļĒ, āļāļĢีāđāļāļิāļิāļ, āđāļāļĨืāļāđāļĢ่, āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļื่āļāđ āļี่āļĢ่āļēāļāļāļēāļĒāļ้āļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļัāļāļิ้āļ
(āļ§ิāļิāļีāđāļีāļĒ, āļĄ.āļ.āļ.-āļ)
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āļ§ิāļิāļีāđāļีāļĒ.
(āļĄ.āļ.āļ.-āļ). āļŦāļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļ. āđāļ āļ§ิāļิāļีāđāļีāļĒ āļŠāļēāļĢāļēāļุāļāļĢāļĄāđāļŠāļĢี. āđāļĢีāļĒāļāđāļ้āđāļĄื่āļ 7 āļĄิāļุāļāļēāļĒāļ
2567, āļāļēāļ https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95
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