Study Note: Passive Power-Up: Beyond the Basics! 🚀 (อัปเกรด Passive Voice: เก่งกว่าเดิม!)

[1] To check out the PPT in PDF, please click here: Passive Voice-Advanced Level

[2] To check your understanding, please click here: Quiz 1: Advanced Passive Voice, Quiz 2: Advanced Passive Voice 

1. Introduction: Revisiting the Passive Voice 🧐 (ทบทวน Passive Voice เบื้องต้น)

A. Quick Refresh: Remember the basic passive voice? We use it when the action is more important than who did it. The basic structure is:

Subject (receiver of action) + form of 'be' + Past Participle + [by Agent (doer)]

• Example: The window was broken by the children. (หน้าต่างถูกทำแตกโดยพวกเด็กๆ) – Here, the focus is on the broken window. 💔

B. Why Use It? Let's quickly recall the main reasons:

• Focus on the action or the receiver: The new hospital was opened last week. 🏥 (We care about the hospital opening, not necessarily who opened it).
• When the agent (doer) is unknown: My bike was stolen! 🚲❓ (ไม่รู้ว่าใครขโมย)
• When the agent is obvious or unimportant: Rice is grown in Thailand. 🌾🇹🇭 (เรารู้กันอยู่แล้วว่าชาวนาปลูกข้าว)
• In formal or scientific writing for an objective tone: The samples were analyzed. 🔬 (ตัวอย่างได้ถูกนำไปวิเคราะห์) (Purdue University Online Writing Lab [OWL], n.d.-a).

C. Level Up! 📈 Today, we're going beyond the basics to learn advanced passive structures. These combine the passive with other grammar points like modals, gerunds, and infinitives. Mastering these will make your English more flexible and sound more natural in different situations! (มาเรียนรู้ Passive Voice ขั้นสูงกันเถอะ! 💪)

2. Advanced Passive Structures: Expanding Your Skills 🛠️ (โครงสร้าง Passive Voice ขั้นสูง)

A. Passive Voice with Modal Verbs (Passive + กริยาช่วย Modal)

• What: We often need to express necessity, possibility, permission, advice, etc., using modals (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would). We can do this in the passive voice too! ✨
• Structure: Modal Verb + be + Past Participle
• Explanation: The meaning of the modal verb combines with the passive meaning.
• Examples:
• Active: You must follow the rules.
• Passive: The rules must be followed. (กฎจะต้องถูกปฏิบัติตาม - Necessity) ✅
• Active: Anyone can solve this problem.
• Passive: This problem can be solved easily. (ปัญหานี้สามารถถูกแก้ไขได้ง่าย - Possibility) 🤔➡️💡
• Active: We should submit the report by Friday.
• Passive: The report should be submitted by Friday. (รายงานควรจะถูกส่งภายในวันศุกร์ - Advice/Obligation) 📅
• Active: They might build a new bridge here.
• Passive: A new bridge might be built here. (สะพานใหม่อาจจะถูกสร้างขึ้นที่นี่ - Future Possibility) 🌉❓ (Wallwork, 2016, p. 87).

B. Passive Gerunds (Passive + Gerund [-ing])

• What: A gerund is the -ing form of a verb used as a noun. Sometimes, we need a passive meaning after certain verbs (like enjoy, avoid, dislike, finish, mind, suggest) or prepositions (about, of, in, without, by). 🚶‍♀️➡️ noun
• Structure: being + Past Participle
• Explanation: This structure allows the subject to be the receiver of the -ing action.
• Examples:
• Compare: I dislike criticizing people. (Active gerund - I do the criticizing). 🗣️
• Passive Gerund: I dislike being criticized. (ฉันไม่ชอบการถูกวิจารณ์ - I receive the criticism). 😠👂
• After verb 'avoid': He tried to avoid being noticed. (เขาพยายามหลีกเลี่ยงการถูกสังเกตเห็น). 👀🚫
• After preposition 'about': She worries about being misunderstood. (เธอกังวลเกี่ยวกับการถูกเข้าใจผิด). 😟❓
• After preposition 'without': The decision was made without my opinions being considered. (การตัดสินใจได้ทำลงไปโดยที่ความเห็นของฉันไม่ถูกนำไปพิจารณา - More complex structure). 🤔❌ (Azar & Hagen, 2009, p. 300).

C. Passive Infinitives (Passive + Infinitive [to + verb])

• What: An infinitive is to + base verb. We use passive infinitives after certain verbs (want, need, expect, hope, would like), adjectives (happy, important, easy), or nouns (work, things, decision) that normally take an infinitive. 🙏➡️ verb
• Structure: to be + Past Participle
• Explanation: This shows a passive action connected to the main part of the sentence.
• Examples:
• Compare: I want to invite you. (Active infinitive - I do the inviting). 💌
• Passive Infinitive: I want to be invited to the party. (ฉันอยากจะถูกเชิญไปงานปาร์ตี้ - I receive the invitation). 🎉🙋‍♀️
• After verb 'need': This form needs to be signed. (ฟอร์มนี้จำเป็นต้องถูกเซ็น). ✍️📄
• After adjective 'happy': We are happy to be chosen for the project. (พวกเราดีใจที่ถูกเลือกสำหรับโปรเจกต์นี้). 😊🏆
• After noun 'work': There is a lot of work to be done. (มีงานมากมายที่ต้องถูกทำ). 💼🔨 (Cambridge University Press & Assessment, n.d.-a).

D. Causative Passive (Have/Get Something Done) (โครงสร้างแบบให้คนอื่นทำให้)

• What: This special structure is used when we don't do an action ourselves, but we arrange for someone else (usually a professional or expert) to do it for us. It's very common for services. 💇‍♀️🚗🔧
• Structure: Subject + have/get + Object (thing being acted upon) + Past Participle
• Key Idea: Have is slightly more formal than get. The meaning is passive – the object has the action done to it.
• Examples:
• Active Idea: A mechanic repaired my car.
• Causative Passive: I had my car repaired. OR I got my car repaired. (ฉันเอารถไปซ่อม [โดยช่าง] - I arranged it). 👍
• Active Idea: A hairdresser cut her hair.
• Causative Passive: She had her hair cut yesterday. (เธอไปตัดผมมาเมื่อวาน [โดยช่างทำผม]). ✂️💁‍♀️
• Active Idea: Someone will deliver the package.
• Causative Passive: We need to get the package delivered soon. (เราต้องจัดการให้พัสดุถูกส่งเร็วๆ นี้). 📦🚚
• Don't confuse with Active:
• I fixed my bike. (I did it myself). 💪🔧
• I had my bike fixed. (Someone else fixed it for me). 🧑‍🔧👍 (British Council, n.d.-a).

3. Summary Table: Advanced Passive Forms at a Glance 📊 (ตารางสรุปโครงสร้าง Passive ขั้นสูง)

Passive Type	Structure	Function / Use Case	Example Passive Sentence
Modal Passive	Modal + be + Past Participle	Express necessity, possibility, etc., for an action	The exam can be postponed.
Passive Gerund	being + Past Participle	Passive -ing action after certain verbs/prepositions	They discussed being promoted.
Passive Infinitive	to be + Past Participle	Passive 'to + verb' action after certain words	This software needs to be updated.
Causative Passive	have/get + Object + Past Participle	Arrange for someone else to perform an action	We had our house painted last summer.

Note: These advanced forms integrate the passive voice with other grammatical structures like modals, gerunds, infinitives, and causative verbs (have/get), allowing for more precise and nuanced communication in English (Azar & Hagen, 2009; British Council, n.d.-a; Cambridge University Press & Assessment, n.d.-a).

4. Practice Time! ✍️🧠 (ฝึกใช้ Passive ขั้นสูง)

A. Convert These: Change the active sentence to a suitable advanced passive form.

1. You must finish this report by 5 PM. -> ______
2. I don't like it when people criticize me. -> I don't like ______ .
3. Someone needs to clean this room. -> This room needs ______.
4. A professional photographer took our family portrait. -> We ______ taken.
5. They might cancel the meeting. -> ______

B. Fill in the Blanks: Use the verb in parentheses in the correct advanced passive form.

1. This form has ______ (sign) by a parent. (Passive Infinitive)
2. He avoided ______ (see) by his ex-girlfriend. (Passive Gerund)
3. Your application ______ (should/review) carefully. (Modal Passive)
4. I need to ______ my watch ______ (repair). (Causative Passive)

(Answers: A1. This report must be finished by 5 PM. A2. being criticized. A3. to be cleaned. A4. had/got our family portrait. A5. The meeting might be cancelled. B1. to be signed. B2. being seen. B3. should be reviewed. B4. get/have, repaired) ✅

5. Key Takeaways 🔑 (สรุปหัวใจสำคัญ)

• Passive voice isn't just one structure; it combines with modals (must be done), gerunds (being done), and infinitives (to be done).
• Use the causative passive (have/get something done) when you arrange for a service instead of doing it yourself. 🧑‍🔧
• Using these advanced forms correctly shows a higher level of English skill and makes your communication clearer! ✨ (ใช้ให้คล่องแล้วภาษาอังกฤษจะดูโปรขึ้นเยอะ!)

6. References 📚 (แหล่งอ้างอิง)

• Azar, B. S., & Hagen, S. A. (2009). Understanding and using English grammar (4th ed.). Pearson Longman.
• British Council. (n.d.-a). Causative form - have/get something done. LearnEnglish. Retrieved April 19, 2025, from https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-to-upper-intermediate/causative-form-haveget-something-done
• Cambridge University Press & Assessment. (n.d.-a). Passive voice: Passive infinitive and passive -ing form. Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved April 19, 2025, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/passive-voice-passive-infinitive-and-passive-ing-form
• Purdue University Online Writing Lab [OWL]. (n.d.-a). Active versus passive voice. Retrieved April 19, 2025, from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/active_and_passive_voice/active_versus_passive_voice.html
• Wallwork, A. (2016). English for writing research papers (2nd ed.). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26094-5

7. Further Study 🎓 (ศึกษาเพิ่มเติม)

• BBC Learning English - Passive Infinitives: https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/course/towards-advanced/unit-10/session-2 (Check this link!)
• Perfect English Grammar - Causative Verbs: https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/causative-verbs-exercise-1.html (Offers exercises)
• Explore the grammar sections of the Cambridge Dictionary and Oxford Learner's Dictionaries online for more examples. 🌐